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Zoology Unit 11: 11.8 - Mammalian Orders III

#chipmanbiology #chipmanzoology #zoology #zoologylectures #mammals #birds #chipmanapbiology Unit 11: Birds and Mammals 11.8 - Class Mammalia Orders III Order Carnivora: flesh-eating mammals: dogs, wolves, cats, bears, weasels, seals, sea lions, walruses. All except the giant panda, have predatory habits, and their teeth are especially adapted for tearing flesh most have canines for killing prey. They are distributed all over the world except in Australian and Antarctic regions where there are no native forms (besides seals). Among more familiar families are Canidae (dog family), containing dogs, wolves, foxes, and coyotes; Felidae (cat family), whose members include domestic cats, tigers, lions, cougars, and lynxes; Ursidae (bears); Mustelidae (fur-bearing family), containing martens, skunks, weasels, otters, badgers, minks, and wolverines; Otariidae (eared seals), containing fur seals and sea lions 280 species. Order Proboscidea: proboscis mammals: elephants. Largest of living land animals, with two upper incisors elongated as tusks, and well-developed molar teeth. Asiatic or Indian elephants, Elephas maximus, have long been partly domesticated and trained to do heavy tasks. Taming of African elephants, Loxodonta africana, is more difficult but was done extensively by ancient Carthaginians and Romans, who employed them in their armies; two species. Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed hoofed mammals: horses, asses, zebras, tapirs, rhinoceroses. Odd-toed hoofed mammals have an odd number of toes (one or three), each with a cornified hoof. Both Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla are often referred to as ungulates (L. ungula, hoof), or hoofed mammals, with teeth adapted for grinding plants. The horse family has only one functional toe. Tapirs have a short proboscis formed from the upper lip and nose. The rhinoceros, Rhinoceros, includes several species found in Africa and Southeast Asia. All are herbivorous; 17 species. Order Artiodactyla: even-toed hoofed mammals: swine, camels, deer and their allies, giraffes, hippopotamuses, antelopes, cattle, sheep, goats. Most of these ungulates have two toes, although the hippopotamus and some others have four Each toe is sheathed in a cornified hoof. Many, such as cattle, deer, and sheep have horns or antlers. Many are ruminants. Most are strictly herbivores, but some species, such as pigs, are omnivorous. 221 species. Order Cetacea: whales, dolphins, porpoises. Anterior limbs of cetaceans are modified into broad flippers; posterior limbs are absent. Some have a fleshy dorsal fin and the tail is divided into transverse fleshy flukes. Nostrils are represented by a single or double blowhole on top of the head. They have no hair except for a few on the muzzle, no skin glands except the mammary and those of the eye, no external ear, and small eyes. The order is divided into toothed whales, represented by dolphins, porpoises, and sperm whales; and baleen whales represented by rorquals, right whales, and gray whales. Baleen whales are generally larger than toothed whales. The blue whale, a rorqual, is the heaviest animal that has ever lived. 78 species Order Primate: prosimians, monkeys, apes, humans. First in the animal kingdom in brain development, with especially large cerebral cortex. Most species are arboreal, apparently derived from tree-dwelling insectivores. It is believed that their tree-dwelling habits of agility in capturing food or avoiding enemies were largely responsible for their advances in brain structure. As a group they are generalized with five digits (usually provided with flat nails) on both forelimbs and hindlimbs. All except humans have their bodies covered with hair. Forelimbs are often adapted for grasping, as are the hindlimbs sometimes. The group is singularly lacking in claws, scales, horns, and hoofs. 279 species.