Скачать с ютуб India vs Pakistan vs bangladesh vs China total external Debt comparison (1970-2020) в хорошем качестве

India vs Pakistan vs bangladesh vs China total external Debt comparison (1970-2020)

Hello guys welcome back on MAD TOP 10 Channel. External loan (or foreign debt) is the total debt which the residents of a country owe to foreign creditors; its complement is internal debt which is owed to domestic lenders. The debtors can be the government, corporations or citizens of that country. The debt includes money owed to private commercial banks, foreign governments, or international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. Note that the use of gross liability figures greatly distorts the ratio for countries which contain major money centers such as the United Kingdom due to London's role as a financial capital. Contrast with net international investment position. According to the International Monetary Fund, "Gross external debt is the amount, at any given time, of disbursed and outstanding contractual liabilities of residents of a country to nonresidents to repay principal, with or without interest, or to pay interest, with or without principal".[1] In this definition, the IMF defines the key elements as follows: Outstanding and actual current liabilities Debt liabilities include arrears of both principal and interest. Principal and interest When the cost of borrowing is paid periodically, as commonly occurs, it is known as an interest payment. All other payments of economic value by the debtor to the creditor that reduce the principal amount outstanding are known as principal payments. However, the definition of external debt does not distinguish between principal payments or interest payments, or payments for both. Also, the definition does not specify that the timing of the future payments of principal and/or interest need be known for a liability to be classified as debt. Residence To qualify as external debt, the debt liabilities must be owed by a resident to a nonresident. Residence is determined by where the debtor and creditor have their centers of economic interest—typically, where they are ordinarily located—and not by their nationality. Current and not contingent Contingent liabilities are not included in the definition of external debt. These are defined as arrangements under which one or more conditions must be fulfilled before a financial transaction takes place. However, from the viewpoint of understanding vulnerability, there is analytical interest in the potential impact of contingent liabilities on an economy and on particular institutional sectors, such as the government. Generally, external debt is classified into four heads: (1) public and publicly guaranteed debt; (2) private non-guaranteed credits; (3) central bank deposits; and (4) loans due to the IMF. However, the exact treatment varies from country to country. For example, while Egypt maintains this four-head classification,[2] in India it is classified in seven heads: (a) Multilateral, (b) Bilateral, (c) IMF loans, (d) Trade credit, (e) Commercial borrowings, (f) Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin deposits, (g) Rupee debt, and (h) NPR debt. Sustainable debt is the level of debt which allows a debtor country to meet its current and future debt service obligations in full, without recourse to further debt relief or rescheduling, avoiding accumulation of arrears, while allowing an acceptable level of economic growth.[5] External-debt-sustainability analysis is generally conducted in the context of medium-term scenarios. These scenarios are numerical evaluations that take account of expectations of the behavior of economic variables and other factors to determine the conditions under which debt and other indicators would stabilize at reasonable levels, the major risks to the economy, and the need and scope for policy adjustment. In these analyses, macroeconomic uncertainties, such as the outlook for the current account, and policy uncertainties, such as for fiscal policy, tend to dominate the medium-term outlook.[6] The World Bank and IMF hold that "a country can be said to achieve external debt sustainability if it can meet its current and future external debt service obligations in full, without recourse to debt rescheduling or the accumulation of arrears and without compromising growth". According to these two institutions, "bringing the net present value (NPV) of external public debt down to about 150 percent of a country's exports or 250 percent of a country's revenues" would help eliminating this "critical barrier to longer-term debt sustainability".[7] High external debt is believed to be harmful for the economy.[8] #indiatotaldebt#pakistantotaldebt#bangladeshtotaldebt Facebook link -: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?... Hindi knowledge gallery -:    / @hindiknowledgegallery6212   Amazon products (t shirts) -: https://amzn.to/3jreupZ 1).Amazon gadget-: https://amzn.to/2Eu3Uzk 2).Amazon gadget -: https://amzn.to/3hxmpBl