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Vomit in dogs and cats | Vomit vs Regurgitation, Pathophysiology, Causes, Treatment of vomit

First of all it is important to differentiate vomiting from regurgitation, as they are two different conditions and owners are often unaware of the difference. Vomiting is initiated in the emetic center located in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. When activated, motor pathways descend from this centre and trigger vomiting. The vomiting centre can be activated directly by irritants or indirectly following input from 4 principal areas: gastrointestinal tract, cerebral cortex and thalamus, vestibular region, and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ). The chemoreceptor trigger zone is closest in proximity to the emetic centre (in the floor of the fourth ventricle) and unlike other brain centres, it is not protected by the blood-brain barrier being very exposed to stimulants. Stimulants can be endogenous (as uremic or hepatoencephalic toxins) or exogenous (like drugs and toxins). Dopaminergic (D2), histaminergic (H1), adrenergic (alpha 2), serotonergic (5HT3), cholinergic (M1) and other receptors are present in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and are activated by these stimulants, that then activate the emetic centre. Once this centre is activated, efferent pathways travel within several cranial nerves to the upper gastrointestinal tract, within vagal and sympathetic nerves to the lower tract, and within spinal nerves to the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, and that culminates in vomiting. In this lesson we will discuss Vomit vs Regurgitation, Pathophysiology of vomit, Causes and Treatment If you have any question please leave a comment below. If you liked this video and want me to do more, like and subscribe! Bibliography: Ettinger, S. J., Feldman, E. C., & Cote, E. (Eds.). (2017). Textbook of veterinary internal medicine (8th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri, US: Elsevier.