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1.1 The Discovery of Cells

The discovery of cells was made possible through the invention of microscopes, with early contributions from Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Hooke first described cell walls in cork, while Leeuwenhoek observed living microorganisms, including bacteria. By the 1830s, Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann established the cell theory, stating that all organisms are made of cells, and cells are the fundamental unit of life. Later, in 1855, Rudolf Virchow expanded the theory, confirming that new cells arise only from preexisting cells, refuting the idea of spontaneous generation.