Скачать с ютуб Racial thinking debunked ! Biological races do not exist► в хорошем качестве

Racial thinking debunked ! Biological races do not exist►

"What is black?" is a question which forces people to reconcile social definitions of "black" with biological reality. Is "black" defined by skin tone, facial features, language, culture, geography or genetics? Africa contains tremendous cultural, linguistic and genetic diversity, and has more than 2,000 distinct ethnic groups and languages.. Studies using mitochondrial (mt)DNA and nuclear DNA markers consistently indicate that Africa is the most genetically diverse region of the world. My previous video demonstrated how South East Asians such as Melanesian, Aboriginals and other Pacific Islanders shared African features, but had no recent genetic relationship with Africans and were more genetically distant from Africans than Europeans. Despite their appearance they cluster genetically closer with other South East Asians and Asians in general. What if the same standard is applied to African populations who have the most genetic diversity, phenotypic diversity and linguistic diversity? African populations can genetically differ from each other greater than the genetic distance between European and Asians populations. If we are consistent then Africans should be grouped into their own individual races. This begs the question "What is black?" "Individuals with the same morphology do not necessarily cluster with each other by lineage, and a given lineage does not include only individuals with the same trait complex (or 'racial type'). Y-chromosome DNA from Africa alone suffices to make this point. Africa contains populations whose members have a range of external phenotypes. This variation has usually been described in terms of 'race' (Caucasoids, Pygmoids, Congoids, Khoisanoids). But the Y-chromosome clade defined by the PN2 transition (PN2/M35, PN2/M2) shatters the boundaries of phenotypically defined races and true breeding populations across a great geographical expanse. African peoples with a range of skin colors, hair forms and physiognomies have substantial percentages of males whose Y chromosomes form closely related clades with each other, but not with others who are phenotypically similar. The individuals in the morphologically or geographically defined 'races' are not characterized by 'private' distinct lineages restricted to each of them." (S O Y Keita, R A Kittles, et al. "Conceptualizing human variation," Nature Genetics 36, S17 - S20 (2004) "In sub-Saharan Africa, many anthropological characters show a wide range of population means or frequencies. In some of them, the whole world range is covered in the sub-continent. Here live the shortest and the tallest human populations, the one with the highest and the one with the lowest nose, the one with the thickest and the one with the thinnest lips in the world. In this area, the range of the average nose widths covers 92 per cent of the world range: only a narrow range of extremely low means are absent from the African record. Means for head diameters cover about 80 per cent of the world range; 60 per cent is the corresponding value for a variable once cherished by physical anthropologists, the cephalic index, or ratio of the head width to head length expressed as a percentage....." Jean Hiernaux, "The People of Africa" 1975 p.53, 54 "Genetic surveys and the analyses of DNA haplotype trees show that human "races" are not distinct lineages, and that this is not due to recent admixture; human "races" are not and never were "pure." Instead, human evolution has been and is characterized by many locally differentiated populations coexisting at any given time, but with sufficient genetic contact to make all of humanity a single lineage sharing a common evolutionary fate.."(Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective, Alan R. Templeton. American Anthropologist, 1998)[44] Music- James Fauntleroy- Smile Sarah Tiskfoff