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Hamming, "History of Computers - Hardware" (March 31, 1995)

Intro: The history of computing probably began with primitive man using pebbles to compute the sum of two amounts. Marshack (of Harvard) found that what had believed to be mere scratches on old bones from cave man days were in fact carefully scribed lines apparently connected with the moon's phases. The famous Stonehenge on the Salisbury plain in England had three building stages, 1900-1700, 1700-1500, and 1500-1400 B.C., and were apparently closely connected with astronomical observations, indicating considerable astronomical sophistication. Work in archeo-astronomy has revealed that many primitive peoples had considerable knowledge about astronomical events. China, India, and Mexico were prominent in this matter, and we still have their structures that we call observatories, though we have too little understanding of how they were used. Our western plains have many traces of astronomical observatories that were used by the Indians. The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn" was the capstone course by Dr. Richard W. Hamming (1915-1998) for graduate students at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey California. This course is intended to instill a "style of thinking" that will enhance one's ability to function as a problem solver of complex technical issues. With respect, students sometimes called the course "Hamming on Hamming" because he relates many research collaborations, discoveries, inventions and achievements of his own. This collection of stories and carefully distilled insights relates how those discoveries came about. Most importantly, these presentations provide objective analysis about the thought processes and reasoning that took place as Dr. Hamming, his associates and other major thinkers, in computer science and electronics, progressed through the grand challenges of science and engineering in the twentieth century.