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Memory Chips, General Information

Memory Chips, General Information Memory chips (also memory or memory storage) are designed to record and store data arrays or, in other words, sets, tables and groups of digital codes. Each code is stored is a separate memory element called a memory cell. The main function of any memory is to generate these codes on the chip outputs in response to the external query. The main parameter describing the memory is its volume -- that is, the number of codes that it can store and the number of bits of such codes. The number of memory cells is normally indicated using the following measurement units: 1 K is 1,024 cells, that is 2 to the tenth power, 1 M is 1,048,576 cells, that is 2 to the 20th power, 1 G is 1,073,741,824 cells or 2 to the 30th power. The principle of memory organization is recorded in the following way: the number of cells followed by the multiplication sign (sidelong cross) -- the size of the code stored in one cell. For example, if memory organization is described by 64Kx8, the memory has 64 K 8-bit cells. The 4М х 1 memory organization means that the memory has 4M 1-bit cells. The total memory volume is measured in bytes or bits. Depending on the way the data is recoded and stored, there exist the various types of memory chips. Permanent storage (ROM or read-only memory) is used to record data only once -- at the stage of manufacturing the chip. This memory is also referred to as the mask ROM. The data stored in the ROM doesn't get erased if the power is disconnected, which is why it is sometimes called the non-volatile memory. Programmable read-only memory (PROM) is used to record information using special methods (for a limited number of time). The data stored in the PROM also remains untouched when power is disconnected, which means that the PROM also belongs to the nonvolatile memory. RAM (or random access memory) is used to record data in a very simple way and for as many times as the user wishes during the chip's lifetime. If power is disconnected, the data stored in the memory gets erased. There exist many intermediary memory types, and many subtypes, but the ones indicated represent the most important ones that are principally different from each other. In a general case, any memory chip has the following information outputs: Address (incoming) outputs that form the memory address bus. The code on address lines is represented by a two-bit memory cell number that is being ...